Application of Drones in Geological Survey: Methods, Technologies, and Prospects

Introduction

Geological surveying is a crucial component of the exploration and exploitation of natural resources. Traditional methods of geological surveying are often associated with high costs and significant time expenditure. In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) have become a revolutionary tool that has greatly improved the efficiency and accuracy of geological surveying. In this article, we will explore the methods and technologies used in geological surveying with drones, as well as their prospects.

Methods of Geological Surveying with Drones

1. Aerial Photography

Aerial photography using drones allows for the acquisition of high-quality images of the Earth's surface, which is a key element in geological surveying. With high-resolution cameras and sensors, detailed maps and models of the terrain can be created.

Aerial Photography Process:

• The drone is equipped with a high-resolution camera and launched by an operator over the surveyed area.
• The drone's camera captures images from a height, covering large areas of land.
• The obtained images are processed using specialized software to create orthophotos and 3D terrain models.

2. LiDAR Scanning

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a technology that uses laser pulses to measure distances to objects and create accurate 3D models. LiDAR scanning with drones allows for highly accurate measurements of terrain and surface objects.

LiDAR Scanning Process:

• The drone is equipped with a LiDAR and launched over the surveyed area.
• The LiDAR emits laser pulses and measures the time of their return, creating accurate data about the terrain.
• The obtained data is processed to create 3D models and digital terrain models.

3. Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imaging

Multispectral and hyperspectral cameras enable imaging in various spectral ranges, opening new possibilities for analyzing vegetation, soil, and mineral deposits.

Multispectral Imaging Process:

• The drone is equipped with a multispectral or hyperspectral camera and launched over the surveyed area.
• The camera captures images in various spectral ranges, collecting data on the characteristics of the surface.
• The obtained data is analyzed to identify characteristics of vegetation, soil, and mineral deposits.

Examples of Drone Use in Geological Surveying

Exploration of Mineral Deposits

Company X used drones for aerial photography and LiDAR scanning of an area potentially rich in mineral deposits. The drones collected data that allowed for the creation of detailed maps of the deposits and the identification of the most promising areas for further exploration. This significantly reduced the costs and time required for geological surveys.

Monitoring Forest Conditions

Company Y used drones with multispectral cameras to monitor forest conditions. The drones collected data on the state of vegetation, identified areas with signs of disease and damage, allowing for prompt measures for treatment and restoration. The use of drones significantly improved the efficiency of forest resource monitoring and management.

Prospects for Technology Development

Integration with Artificial Intelligence

One promising direction is the integration of drones with artificial intelligence (AI) systems. AI can automatically analyze data collected by drones and provide valuable insights for decision-making. This can include automatic anomaly detection, change prediction, and optimization of geological survey planning.

Use of Drones for Monitoring Changes

Drones can be used for regular monitoring of changes in surveyed areas. This is especially important for tracking the dynamics of natural processes such as soil erosion, river channel changes, and landslide development. Regular monitoring allows for timely identification of changes and measures to prevent them.

Conclusion

The use of drones in geological surveying opens new horizons for research and natural resource management. Modern technologies such as aerial photography, LiDAR scanning, and multispectral imaging significantly enhance the accuracy and efficiency of geological surveys. In the future, further development of these technologies and their integration with artificial intelligence systems is expected, providing even greater precision and timeliness in geological surveying.

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